(Xerxes at the Hellespont, by Adrien Guignet (1816–1854), [Public Domain] via Creative
Commons)
Xerxes I (or Khshayarsa) was
the son of Darius I and the grandson of Cyrus the Great. With two great kings as
his predecessors and ancestors, Xerxes would need to be bold and ambitious to
be seen as an equal among the likes of his forefathers. When Xerxes’ reign
began around 486 BCE, his immediate action was to crush rebellion and dissent
in his empire. Only after putting down rebellions in Egypt and Babylonia, did
Xerxes hesitantly begin to amass an army for an invasion of Greece.
Xerxes’ father, Darius I, had
launched his own campaign against the Greeks, but was thwarted after a major
defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. After that, until the day he died
in 486 BCE, Darius I continuously prepared for another invasion of Greece to
seek revenge and to regain lost face. Although Darius was never able to lead
this invasion, his son eventually carried out the plan.
Xerxes apparently never had
much enthusiasm for the invasion of Greece, yet pressure from his courtiers and
a series of mystical dreams convinced him to go forward with the campaign. He
mustered an army more than 300,000 men strong, inflated by Herodotus to be in
the millions. The Persian forces crossed from Asia into Europe across the
Hellespont (now known as the Dardanelles), using rows of ships as a bridge. According to
Herodotus, Xerxes marched through Greece to make camp at Thessalonica, in the
modern region of Saloniki.
One particularly horrifying event
stands out in Herodotus’ account of the Persian army’s voyage from the
Hellespont to Thessalonica. In his usual style, Herodotus included folklore and
popular hearsay in his description of the Persian movements. There is no way to
know if the following story really occurred, but Herodotus and many of his
contemporary Greeks believed in the tale and thought that the Persians were
capable and willing enough to carrying out the atrocity.
The story took place when
Xerxes was near Mt. Pangaeum and the Strymon River. He needed to cross the
river, and found his crossing point in the territory of the Edoni. The place he
chose to bridge the Strymon was apparently named Nine Ways, a title that would
cause the deaths of numerous local inhabitants.
Upon reaching Nine Ways,
Herodotus wrote that Xerxes was suddenly inspired to make a sacrifice. Perhaps,
he was worried about crossing the river. An earlier storm had momentarily
thwarted his crossing at the Hellespont, for which he allegedly had the water
whipped for its impudence. Whatever the cause, Herodotus wrote that Xerxes wanted
divine support for the crossing at Nine Ways.
Xerxes had his priests, the
Magi, conduct rituals and sacrifice horses in honor of the river, but there was
one more action the Persians would take before leaving the region. Inspired by
the name, Nine Ways, Xerxes supposedly was struck by a horrendous idea.
According to Herodotus, the Persians rounded up nine boys and nine girls from
the local inhabitants of Nine Ways, and buried them all under the earth while
they were still alive. With eighteen youths left suffocating in the ground,
Xerxes continued on his march to Thessalonica and his ultimately destructive,
but unsuccessful, invasion of Greece.
Written by C. Keith Hansley.
- The Histories by Herodotus, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt and revised by John Marincola. New York: Penguin Classics, 2002.
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xerxes-I
- http://www.ancient.eu/Xerxes_I/
Which history books did you get this shit from. This is completely aimed at destroying the Persian Kings credibility.
ReplyDeleteHistory
ReplyDelete...is NOT about the Good one or the Bad One...
Grow up.
This is not an anti-Persian story.
If you are not a stupid French...you can understand...I hope...